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King William the third introduced a window tax into his Kingdom in 1696. Income tax was not in existence then as the populace considered details of their own income to be private and not a matter for the King to worry about. The window tax was introduced to get around this problem. Read on to discover more about the historical facts about an old taxation system on windows in the United Kingdom.

Of his subjects, the King decided that the most fair method of taxation would be by looking at the size of people’s houses. Each person who owned a house would have to pay a fixed fee of 2 shillings. This is about 10 pence in the new system. As well as this, if the house was large and contained more than 10 windows, there were extra taxes to pay.

For a property which had between 10 and 20 windows the householder would pay an extra four shillings on top of the base line 2 shillings. For a property with over twenty windows, the window tax was 8 shillings extra. In later years, the minimum number of windows which would be taxed was reduced to 7. In 1825, a house with a minimum of 8 windows was to have an extra tax imposed.

Poor subjects who were eligible for the church’s charity could claim an exemption. This was irrespective of the number of windows their dwelling contained.

The unpopularity of the tax meant that in the 17th and 18th centuries, many people with larger houses bricked up their extra windows. It is possible they did this to try to get around paying the window tax. William Pitt the Younger of Scotland took up this tax in the 1780s. To avoid paying this extra tax, many Scots are thought to have painted over their existing windows. These painted over windows can still be seen by visitors to Edinburgh’s Charlotte Square. These are known as Pitt’s pictures

Many of the more wealthy families of the time were thought to show off their wealth by having houses of many windows built. They may even have had extra windows put in were walls existed to prove that they could afford to pay the tax.

According to the historians,

was founded by the Romans in 50 AD. The name of this city comes from the Celtic word Londinios, meaning the p

lace of the bold. Once the Romans invaded UK in 43 AD, a bridge was constructed across the river Thames. To know more about the history of London from its creation to present day, read the rest of this article.

The capital city of England began its evolution with the creation of the Roman bridge but it was not long afte

r that the city was abandoned under the Saxons. From the 9th century, the city rapidly grew within its Roman walls and soon became the new political epicenter at Westminster. Although much of the Roman London had been lost by this time, there were still many timber framed buildings and stone houses that survived the years.

Today, there is hardly any above ground Roman buildings, however, many of the archaeological remains still survive. During the Medieval era, the plague destroyed much of the population in London. Under the Tudors and the demolition of many religious properties, the population slowly started to grow. There were a number of palatial retreats constructed including Hampton Court and Eltham Palace.

When the Great Fire in the early 17th century occurred, it destroyed more than 12,000 Tudor buildings, hence the reason only a handful of these buildings exist today. Even though many Georgian buildings were also burnt down, you can still see some that have survived to this day. Between 1700s and 1800s, the population of this city rose from around 600,000 to almost 2 million. This made London the most powerful and biggest city in the world.

During the Victorian era, the capital city of England expanded once more and the population grew from 2 million to 6 million. This is the period when the London Underground was opened in 1863. It enabled citizens to use the new transport link and avoid the crowded buses. In 1940, the population peaked at around 8 million despite the devastation caused by the Second World War.

During the early 19th century, all Londoners used coal for heating. Because of this, in 1952, the Great Smog which went on for 5 days killed over 3,000 people and left disastrous consequences. Almost a decade later, the bands, Rolling Stones and the Beatles came into the music scene and put London on the map. Many of the streets in the capital were made famous by these pop groups, including Carnaby Street. By 1980s, a new wave of punk rock came about with the emergence of the Britpop era. The city played an important role for youth fashion in the 1980s.

From 1950s until this day, the capital city of England became home to a large wave of immigrants. People from countries such as India and Pakistan flowed into the country and dramatically changed the face of the city. As a result, the racial tensions between the new immigrants and the Brits in Brixton escalated and riots broke out in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, the city became the main hub for multi-culturalism and many foreign investors and companies started investing in the capital.

The estimated population of this capital city is around 8 million, but it is rising fast. In fact, it is predicted that the population will reach to 10 million within the next 10 years or so. This is mainly due to people moving into the city from the surrounding towns and villages in order to seek employment.

As more and more people relocated to the city, there were a greater increase in the number of housing developments and further enhancements in public transport network. However, the mayor is still struggling to fund these projects, hence the reason there is still a shortage of housing. In July 2005, the city won the right to host the Olympics and became the first capital city to play host to such games.

However, the Olympics celebrations were cut short following the series of terrorist attacks that occurred in the capital. There were three bombings which killed more than 50 people and injured more than 700 people. Nevertheless the Olympics games were still a success and changed the face of the capital. The successful opening ceremony was much anticipated without any transport and organizational problems occurring along the way.

Many individuals may not understand what the Romans did for London drainage and water supply as much of the systems they installed were not used once they quitted the area.

The Romans were very well known for several things including the use of aqueducts to supply water and their waste management system. Much of the systems used by the Romans are very similar to today’s sewer system.

The elaborate system that was used in Rome was also used in cities throughout the empire. Hygiene is very important and Hadrian’s Wall actually contains the best example of latrines used by the Romans. The army in particular followed exceptionally good hygiene.

Much of the drainage system that was set up in London was built side by side with the Roman road system. Each road that was created also had a drainage ditch running alongside it. This was necessary for the road to Roman in use otherwise the lack of drainage world cause things to collapse.

Many of the Roman roads are still in use today or were used for the current road system in England. The Romans also imported their bathing system and every roman villa had at least one Roman bath.

Land near the sea was also drained, or drainage was attempted, to make that land usable for agriculture. One particular tricky spot is the Fens. This was once a forest but has since become a swamp. They built large catch water drains to attempt to drain off the water and they also constructed large sea walls to stop the ocean from overtaking the land they were trying to drain.

Many individuals are unaware of the excellent drainage system that the Romans installed because it was not used after they left the country and disease and plague spread during the Middle Ages. Proper sewage and sanitation did not occur for many, many years after this time and the systems that were put in place were similar to the Roman and Greek systems.

A Brief Look At The History Of Glass Windows

The history of glass windows is actually more interesting and older than you may think it is. The production of glass has been occurring naturally for millions of years but it is the discovery of manufactured glass that leads us on this exciting journey. The first instance of glass being made by mankind can be credited to the Mesopotamian who manufactured their own glass as early as 3500 B. C. The people of Mesopotamia used this man-made glass for simple uses, such as decorating pots or other vessels.

The actual fist use of man-made glass for the purpose of windows seems to have occurred with the Romans in the 1st century A. D. Excavations have revealed glass windows were present at this time and the Romans were known to use glass for decorative purposes, such as mosaic tiles. The rise of the glass window at this time seems to coincide with the introduction of churches and places to worship various deities. Much of the fragments of window glass found from the time of the Romans is coloured, suggesting that they were stained-glass windows from such places of worship.

The manufacture of glass for windows did not really escalate until the 13th century. The Germans had managed to manufacture sheet glass as early as the 11th century, a process that was to be perfected by the Venetians in the 13th century.

The French were responsible for creating Crown glass (hand blown glass that was flattened) and blown plate glass (hand blown glass that was grind-ed and polished) in the 14th century. Not keen on sharing their secrets, it was not until the 17th century that other countries in the world learned these techniques.

Crown glass and blown plate glass became the two most popular types for glass windows from the 17th century until the 19th century.

After the decline in popularity of Crown glass and blown plate glass, it was the turn of flat sheet glass. This type was used in windows up until the First World War, in particular for many of the sash windows you can see on older buildings today. After this time, it fell to floating glass, which was designed by Sir Alistair Pilkington in the 1950s, to rise to the top of the popularity stakes.

The history of glass windows is a fascinating story and is something that is destined to go on and on. Indeed, we have different types of glass being developed frequently, such as toughened glass and safety glass that are often used in many of the double glazing units found in modern homes. The development of glass windows is always evolving, with the newest form being Smart glass, which changes the light intensity!

The sash window is recognized as one of the most beautiful and traditional features for homes, cottages, and many other styles of buildings. While these charming structures can produce a great deal of appeal, it is susceptible to rot and damage because of its age and a lack of maintenance. Sash window restoration can be tended to with a professional service that aids in improving the condition of windows and managing the integrity of such traditional architecture.

Sashes are historical features that are part of many buildings from older palaces to town houses that include an original wooden or metal construction. Over time and without the correct care, timber can begin to rot and chip away while the metallic structures may warp and become damaged leading to an improper fit within the framework. Draughts and rattling can be most unpleasant to have to endure, but it can be repaired and restored to its original state without having to remove and replace the windows.

Mortice Green has been recognized as providing specialist sash window restorative procedures since 1994 and with its basis in London, able to provide professional services for a variety of properties. Established many years ago, the business offers restoration, reparation, renovation, and the complete replacement of windows that are suited to the function and style of buildings. Handcrafted installations are available and made to order to ensure that deficiencies are eliminated and full or smooth operation implemented.

There are a number of reasons as to why more property owners are having refurbishment processes completed rather than replacing sash windows. This includes the maintenance of attractive, distinctive, and traditional architecture that will improve the value of the building. Many sashes date as far back as the 1600s and are simply not manufactured in the same manner, which is the reason these features should be protected and restored rather than replaced.

A common problem with older and poorly maintained sash windows is the formation of draughts and rattling noises. Unfortunately the wooden frames are susceptible to decay without regular treatment causing a poor fit and the development of gaps. When the wind blows, it enters through these spaces leading to constant knocks and the sensation of a strong breeze that compromises energy efficiency through loss of heat.

The professional sash window restoration company is able to tackle the smallest of problems from a poorly operational cord to larger restoration including the repair of frames and glass. This includes the filling of missing wood pieces and applying new seals that will prevent draughts and rattles from occurring. Double glazed windows can be installed for quality and the maintenance of energy efficiency as the insulating properties retain heat.

Single or double glazing is becoming increasingly popular for the upgrade of sashes as it offers sound insulation and prevents heat from escaping. Installing such modern features can minimize increased expense in utility bills for air conditioners and heaters through the year. Such modifications can ensure that your living environment remains comfortable without losing any of the appeal and charm of the sash window.

All types and sizes of sash and period windows can benefit from maintenance and refurbishment methods. Exposure to the elements and the contraction and expansion of the home can cause the frames to become loose that will cause gaps and a number of functional problems. The restoration process is more cost effective than a complete replacement and will provide the windows with appeal and extended longevity.

Mortice Green deliver a high standard of workmanship in the refurbishment process including the realignment and adjustment of the window system for a perfect fit and maintenance of its stylish appearance. Assembling the structure aids in improving energy efficiency and the smooth operation of such structures to ensure that it continues to open and close without difficulty. This includes the installation of single and doubles glazed windows to keep rooms cosy and to prevent against noise pollution.

Sash windows can be maintained and restored with reliance on an experienced and reputable repair service. Experts in the industry are able to provide high quality solutions that will last for an extended period of time and ensure that the charm of such traditional structures remain intact. Protecting such architecture can improve the value of the property and minimize further decay and deterioration.

Sash window repairs can often cost more than replacement; however, it depends on the company you use to carry out the repair for you.

The design of these windows was introduced by Robert Hooke, an English inventor. The very first sash window was installed in the late 16th century. The design is still used in most part of United Kingdom as it gives the property character and a period feel. Even through the style seems historical; it still requires routine maintenance and repairs for proper functioning.

Carrying out regular repairs to your wooden sash windows is important in order to keep them in proper shape and condition. Hiring professional contractors in London will ensure that the most capable and highly experienced individuals are used to complete the task. To find the right company, you may take a look at Web directories or ask around for recommendations.

Repairing wooden windows should only be done by professionals. Some people opt for replacement, but it can end up costing them more. You may have your reasons for wanting to replace your windows rather than repairing them, but there are some factors to consider first.

Perhaps one of the main reasons that people choose to buy replacement windows rather than repair their existing sashes is that they can save money and time.

This is especially true when you are trying to cut down your heating costs by opting for double glazed designs. Double glazed means the space between the two panes is filled with air or high-tech argon gas. This will increase the insulation properties.

Whether you choose wooden or UPVC windows make sure you request for an estimate from several contractors in London. Competent and experienced window companies will first assess your windows’ condition and offer different options. If the frames are rotten, the contractor may suggest replacing the entire frame. As a homeowner, you need to make the important decision of whether to replace or repair the sashes.

One of the most common problems with older windows is the glass looseness. The old types of panes were held in place by thin wooden beading and putty. This resulted in loosening of the panels that made rattling noise in the wind and failed to keep put the cold air. Restoration of these traditional types of windows involves the use of durable laminated glass with a much more secure beading than before.

Some homeowners make the attempt of repairing their windows themselves. However, this often leaves their homes more open to intruders as the older glass panes are easy to remove by burglars. If you opt for professional restoration, you can increase the security of your home in a cost-effective way.

Older types of windows add more value to a property as potential home buyers appreciate the character that such homes have. To get your repair task on the way, make sure you ask the chosen contractor to offer reasonable alternatives. Most companies can even provide their customers with testimonials about their previous projects and will be able to answer any questions you may have. By getting your windows installed by reputable companies in London will not only make your property more attractive, but it will also increase its value significantly.

If you spend a few minutes browsing the websites of your local timber and sash window companies, you will come across many established firms that focus exclusively on these types of windows. By eliminating salesmen and installers, you can save money when you contact the provider directly via the Web. Most reputable companies provide full details of their repair costs and the type of work they do by publishing all the information on their official websites. Simply contact a local service provider as soon as you notice leaks or other damages on your period timber windows.

Sash windows are historical features that are commonly noted in older buildings and traditional styles of architecture. Properly maintained fra

mes can add charm to the property, but a lack of care can soon lead to significant deterioration, functional problems, and a lack of appeal. Sash window refurbishment is an important and cost effective means of restoring the condition and character of this type of window.

Improving the style and the quality of sash windows will increase the value of your property and produce a beautiful appeal. These striking features have been recognized as an integral part of architectural history as it represents an older style of frame and windows that became increasingly popular in the 19th century noted in palaces, cottages, and many homes. Some of the oldest buildings in Britain containing sashes were developed in the late 1600s and with the necessary management methods remain preserved as part of traditional architecture.

While sashes are beautiful features, age and general wear and tear can result in a multitude of problems. Improper function, draughty rooms and poor sound insulation are some of the issues encountered that can all be repaired and modernized for the enhancement of the property. Draft proofing, repainting, and repairs can be undertaken with the services of a professional sash window company to ensure that your period wooden windows are restored and maintained.

Replacing a sash window can be a costly procedure and takes away from the traditional appeal of the building. Refurbishment services will aid in restoring the integrity of such features including the addition of modern styles from double glazing to improvements in the condition of the framework. Depending on the requirements of the property, there are many fixtures that can be completed to maintain the beauty and integrity of sashes.

Sash windows originally constructed from timber that can significantly deteriorate over a period of time. These older windows may be susceptible to severe damages leading to poor framework, constant rattling, and the formation of drafts. Consulting with repair services experienced in handling sash windows can aid in restoring its appeal and function for many more years to come.

Examine the wooden framework of windows to determine whether rot is present and take action to have the necessary repairs completed in an efficient and effective manner. Where severe deterioration has occurred, the window can be repaired and should be assessed according to the value restoration can provide with the costs of reparation. Such measures can aid in determining the worth of having a refurbished window or possible a replacement window.

Sash windows add an authentic charm and character to any home or building, which is the reason more people invest in the preservation of such features rather than its replacement. It is important to contact a professional wooden window restoration service to inspect the condition of original frames and glass who will advise you on the steps that need to be taken to improve the integrity of such beautiful architecture. If you are not familiar with the sash window repair process, it is best to call on experts in the industry to ensure that the best outcome is achieved.

The most common forms of deterioration that are associated with sash windows include an inability to open and close the window, the formation of drafts, constant rattling, and wood rot. A lack of maintenance will lead to these problems; however, specialist services are available to address the problems. The expert repairman will be able to provide a quotation for the modifications that must be completed.

Timber is recognized as one of the most solid and long lasting types of natural materials available, but over many years can become susceptible to rot with a lack of maintenance. The frames can all be restored with resin and a new coat of paint, to provide aesthetically pleasing results including a treatment to protect from further deterioration. Upgrades such as draught proofing seals can eliminate heat loss and double glazing included for sound insulation can be added to increase the thermal benefits of the sash window and this can all be done without changing the style of the sashes.

Sash windows remain a popular and aesthetically pleasing structure that is included in many homes and traditional buildings across London. With the correct maintenance and refurbishment functional problems and a lack of appeal can be restored to produce beautiful detail and protection against harsh external conditions. Repairing sashes can prove most beneficial as it delivers value and long lasting results.